A shell f inite element formulation to analyze highly deformable rubber

Abstract: In this paper, a shell finite element formulation to analyze highly deformable shell structures composed of homogeneous rubberlike materials is presented. The element is a triangular shell of anyorder with seven nodal parameters. The shell kinematics is based on geometrically exact Lagrangian description and on the ReissnerMindlin hypothesis. The finite element can represent thickness stretch and, due to the seventh nodal parameter, linear strain through the thickness direction, which avoids Poisson locking. Other types of locking are eliminated via high-order approximations and mesh refinement. To deal with high-order approximations, a numerical strategy is developed to automatically calculate the shape functions. In the present study, the positional version of the Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed. In this case, nodal positions and unconstrained vectors are the current kinematic variables, instead of displacements and rotations. To model near-incompressible materials under finite elastic strains, which is the case of rubber-like materials, three nonlinear and isotropic hyperelastic laws are adopted. In order to validate the proposed finite element formulation, some benchmark problems with materials under large deformations have been numerically analyzed, as the Cook’s membrane, the spherical shell and the pinched cylinder. The results show that the mesh refinement increases the accuracy of solutions, high-order Lagrangian interpolation functions mitigate general locking problems, and the seventh nodal parameter must be used in bending-dominated problems in order to avoid Poisson locking.